Research & Studies
PUBLICATIONS & FINDINGS
Citation Selection in Commercial AI Search: A Stage-Based Analysis of Retrieved Pages
What separates pages that ChatGPT cites from pages it retrieves and discards, conditioned on commercial intent. 217,508 retrieved pages across 7,500 commercial prompts, segmented by buying-journey stage and analyzed under four cross-checked analytical passes.
From Search to Citation: Measuring How ChatGPT Retrieves and Selects Sources
How ChatGPT moves from search to citation. 548,534 pages retrieved across 15,000 prompts analyzed to separate the retrieval decision from the citation decision, with rank-controlled six-model decomposition and DA × rank tier cross-stratification.
Community Sources in AI Search: A Cross-Model Analysis of 5.5 Million Answers
How user-generated content and community platforms shape brand visibility across ChatGPT, Perplexity, Gemini, and Google AI Mode. 5.5M answers and 61K queries analyzed across 821,000 cited domains.
Cross-Model Brand Discovery: Measuring First-Party and Third-Party Source Shares
Where AI search engines actually find brands. 21,311 brand mentions across ChatGPT, Claude, and Perplexity analyzed for first-party vs. third-party share, content type, and cross-model consistency.
Measuring Citation Volatility in AI Search: A Repeated-Run Study of Source Stability
How visibility shifts run-to-run when the same query is asked of the same model. 45,000+ citations across 800 queries analyzed for consistency, reappearance, and the citation-vs-mention divide.
Query-Page Alignment in ChatGPT Citations: Title, Slug, and Semantic Similarity
The title and slug alignment profile of pages ChatGPT cites. Lemma overlap, Jaccard similarity, and cosine similarity measured across commercial and informational query types.
Content Recency in ChatGPT Citations: Freshness Across Query Intent
The recency profile of pages ChatGPT cites. 4,000+ cited pages across 900 high-intent queries in 15 industries, analyzed by last-updated date, publish date, and query intent.
Page Structure and ChatGPT Citation: A Comparison with Google-Ranking Controls
Which on-page structural attributes separate ChatGPT-cited pages from pages that rank on Google's first page but are not cited. 12,000+ URLs compared across schema, heading structure, lists, and bullets.